RESEARCH ARTICLE


Higher Scores of Ambient Temperature, Sunshine Hours and UV Index are Associated with Lower COVID-19 Mortality



Mourad Errasfa1, *
1 Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco


Article Metrics

CrossRef Citations:
0
Total Statistics:

Full-Text HTML Views: 1138
Abstract HTML Views: 366
PDF Downloads: 302
ePub Downloads: 193
Total Views/Downloads: 1999
Unique Statistics:

Full-Text HTML Views: 683
Abstract HTML Views: 265
PDF Downloads: 244
ePub Downloads: 164
Total Views/Downloads: 1356



Creative Commons License
© 2022 Mourad Errasfa

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

* Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco; E-mail: mourad.errasfa@usmba.ac.ma


Abstract

Background:

Following two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, thousands of deaths were registered around the world. A question on whether climate parameters in each country could or not affect coronavirus incidence and COVID-19 death toll is under debate.

Objective:

In this work, we aimed to analyse possible relation between the prevalence of COVID-19 deaths and the geographic latitude. The study focused on the geographic latitudes and some of their associated climate factors, such as the average annual level of temperature, sunshine hours and UV index.

Methods:

We sought the number of the deaths caused by COVID-19 in 39 countries. Latitude levels were plotted against the average annual levels of either temperature, sunshine hours or UV index. Data were analysed by simple linear regression or polynomial regression, by means of Microsoft Excel software (2016).

Results:

When COVID-19 death numbers were plotted against geographic latitudes, we obtained inverted bell-shaped curves, for both the first and second year of the pandemic, with a coefficient of determination of (R2 = 0,32) and (R2 = 0,39), respectively. In addition, COVID-19 death numbers were very negatively correlated with the average annual levels of temperature (R2 = 0,52, P= 4.92x10-7), sunshine hours (R2 = 0,36, P= 7.68x10-6) and UV index (R2 = 0,38, P= 4.16x10-5). Bell-shaped curves were obtained when latitude was plotted against the average annual number of temperature, sunshine hours and UV index, with a coefficient of determination of (R2 = 0,85), (R2 = 0,452) and (R2 = 0,87), respectively.

Conclusion:

In contrast to high-latitude countries, countries located at low latitudes may have suffered less COVID-19 death tolls, thanks to their elevated temperature, sunshine hours and UV index. The above climate factors, in addition to yet unknown factors, could have impaired the spread of the coronavirus and/or helped individual’s natural immunity to fight COVID-19 disease.

Keywords: COVID-19, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, Climate factors, Temperature, Sunshine hours, UV index.



1. INTRODUCTION

The COVID-19 pandemic was declared two years ago following high death tolls caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections around the world [1]. The virus and its target human cell receptor ACE-2 were identified [2, 3]. SARS-CoV-2-infected people can experience mild to moderate symptoms, such as muscle pain, headaches, loss of smell and taste, diarrhea, and more severe symptoms, such as breathing difficulties. Thanks to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 [4-8], a breakthrough was achieved in the therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients, which was mainly based on prophylactic treatments with drugs such as anti-inflammatory corticoids, antibiotics, and blood thinners against inflammatory conditions (cytokine storm), infections and microcoagulations, respectively [9, 10]. Other adjuvant treatments [11-13] were used as well, such as immune-boosting vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin D), minerals (Zinc and magnesium) and probiotics/prebiotics products.

Several countries in Europe (mainly the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, and France), and later in America, have suffered the highest numbers of deaths caused by COVID-19. Elderly people, obese and chronic disease-affected patients were the most affected. Since the beginning of the pandemic, researchers have been interested in whether or not climate parameters may play a role in the occurrence of the coronavirus disease. Several studies have pointed out a negative relationship between ambient temperature and coronavirus incidence and/or COVID-19 [14-18]. A recent study has classified COVID-19 as a possible seasonal low-temperature infection [19]. As a virucidal agent, UV light has been reported in many studies to have played a key role in the low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 incidence and COVID-19 deaths in several countries [20-28].

The low incidence of COVID-19 mortality in many countries of Africa compared to those of Europe and America caught our attention. On the other hand, death tolls caused by COVID-19 in countries of North Africa were somehow higher than those registered in countries of central Africa. The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible relations between climate factors (ambient temperature, sunshine hours, and UV index) and COVID-19 mortality.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

We obtained COVID-19 death numbers for the 39 countries in the present study from specialized websites [29, 30]. For each country of the study, the number of deaths for the first year was considered from the start of the pandemic until March 25, 2021. While the number of deaths for the second year was calculated for the period up to February 20, 2022. The climate parameters were obtained from the web pages of several specialized institutions [31-34]. The data, correlation parameters, linear and polynomial regression, and figures were processed and analysed by the Microsoft Office Excel software (2016). The data and records were carried out according to the STROBE guidelines [35].

3. RESULTS

The 39 countries of the study are depicted in Fig. (1), and are distributed across both hemisphers as follows: North America (the United States and Mexico), South America (Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, and Chile), Europe (France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Portugal, the United Kingdom, Estonia, Lithuania, Croacia, Serbia, Poland, Romania, North Macedonia, Latvia, and Ukraine), Africa (Morocco, Argelia, Mauritania, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, Congo, Senegal, South Africa, Mali, and Libya), and Asia (Israel, Saudi Arabia, India). The population of the above countries is a sample of 3525 million people; 44.43 percent of the total world population. As shown in Fig. (1), 32 of the above countries are located in the northern hemisphere (2887 million people, representing 82% of our sample population), where around 90% of the world’s population lives. As depicted in Table 1, African countries and some Asian countries have registered the lowest death tolls in both the first and second years of the pandemic. Instead, countries in Western Europe and America have reported the highest death tolls.

Fig. (1). The geographical distribution of the 39 countries studied. 32 of these countries are located in the northern hemisphere, with 2887 million people, representing 82% of the whole population under study.

Table 1. COVID-19 deaths / 1000 inhabitants at year 1 and year 2 of the pandemic. Mean annual temperature (MAT), average annual hours of sunshine (AAHSS) and average annual UV index (AAUVI) are depicted for each country.
Country Deaths at Year1 Deaths at Year 2 MAT AAHSS AAUVI
USA 1,64 2,8 7,63 2800 5
Mexico 1,54 2,42 21,31 2600 10
Colombia 1,22 2,69 24,79 1930 11
Chile 1,17 2,15 8,71 2841 8
Argentina 1,21 2,74 14,55 2500 4
Brazil 1,4 3,01 25,51 2273 11
Senegal 0,06 0,11 28,65 3214 11
South Africa 0,881 1,64 18,28 3320 10
Mali 0,018 0,034 28,83 3239 11
Egypt 0,11 0,22 23 3600 7
Sudan 0,045 0,085 27,74 3737 11
Congo 0,024 0,066 24,36 2141 11
Morocco 0,24 0,42 18,04 3200 7
Algeria 0,07 0,15 23,22 3200 8
Tunisia 0,73 2,3 20,34 3000 4
Libya 0,37 0,88 22,64 3180 8
Mauritania 0,098 0,2 28,34 3332 10
Israel 0,7 1,07 20,51 3310 7
Iran 0,737 1,58 17,86 2817 7
Philippine 0,118 0,5 25,82 2103 11
Saudia Arabia 0,19 0,25 25,47 3240 10
India 0,11 0,36 24,68 2512 11
Indonisia 0,145 0,52 26,14 2515 11
Jordan 0,959 1,33 19,42 3697 7
United Kingdom 1,93 2,35 9,07 1300 2
Italy 1,68 2,53 12,8 2365 5
France 1,37 2,02 11,69 2156 3
Spain 1,48 2,09 13,93 2845 3
Germany 0,93 1,44 9,63 1640 3
Portugal 1,62 2,04 15,62 2770 5
Estonia 0,594 1,63 6,31 1930 2
Lihtuania 1,293 3,06 7,43 1691 2
Macedonia N 1,667 4,27 10,64 2128 5
Croacia 1,414 3,62 11,66 1913 4
Serbia 0,718 2,16 11,28 2000 5
Latvia 0,978 2,73 6,86 1754 2
Ukraine 0,725 2,56 9,25 1955 3
Romania 1,161 3,26 9,86 2100 4
Poland 1,304 2,9 8,85 1600 3

Inverted bell-shaped curves were obtained when geographic latitudes were plotted against COVID-19 death numbers, and thus, for both the first (R2 = 0,32) and second (R2 = 0,39) years of the pandemic, respectively (Fig. 2). In contrast, bell-shaped curves were obtained when latitude of each country was plotted against the average annual level of temperature (R2 = 0,85), sunshine hours (R2 = 0,45) and UV index (R2 = 0,87), respectively (Fig. 3), A through C). In addition, COVID-19 death numbers in the 39 countries of the study were very negatively correlated with the average annual levels of temperature (R2 = 0,52, P= 4.92x10-7), sunshine hours (R2 = 0,43, P= 7.68x10-6) and UV index (R2 = 0,38, P= 4.16x10-5) (Fig. 4), A through C).

Fig. (2). COVID-19 deaths numbers of year one and year two of the pandemic are plotted against geographic latitudes. Equations and coefficients of determination of the polynomial curves are indicated inside the figure.

4. DISCUSSION

In the present observational study, attention was paid to the difference in COVID-19 mortality between populations across the world. The data on COVID-19 mortality clearly shows that during the two-year pandemic period, there were always higher scores of COVID-19 mortality in Europe and America compared to African and Asian countries. The correlations that were found between COVID-19 death tolls and climate factors support previous studies that pointed out the possible impact of climate on the coronavirus incidence and/or mortality caused by COVID-19 [14-19]. In north Africa, some countries like Morocco seem to have an intermediary pandemic situation between Africa and Europe because the death numbers caused by COVID-19 in Morocco were lower than those registered in neighboring European countries such as Spain and Italy, while these death numbers were greater than those registered in other countries of central Africa or in countries closer to the Equator. Hence, independently of the vaccinations, for both the first and second years of the pandemic, it seems that climate factors, mainly warmer daily ambient temperatures, longer hours of sunshine, and higher levels of UV index in most African countries, could have played a key role in the low incidence of the coronavirus and COVID-19 disease. It should be expected that countries close to the Equator and those located in the lower latitudes will benefit from their special climate conditions to naturally fight future coronavirus pandemic. Although the exact mechanism to win the battle against the virus is still unknown, it is probably the higher temperature and UV light as a virucidal agent that may have interfered with the coronavirus and the pandemic's spread. Our results about UV index correlation with COVID-19 death could explain why some countries have recorded lower coronavirus incidence and less COVID-19 mortality [20-28].

It should be noted that many works have studied the possible effects of climatic factors on the incidence of COVID-19 and/or the mortality caused by the pandemic, in particular, the effect of ambient temperature [36-43]. Most of this work shows an inverse relationship between ambient temperature in a given country or region and the impact of COVID-19. The above works have focused on the regions of a single country or on several countries at the same time. It should also be noted that several studies have attempted to understand the involvement of other non-climatic factors [44, 45] on the degree of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, with the aim of better controlling the spread of the pandemic. In the present observational study, the strength part lies in the very significant statistical results of the negative correlation found between the incidence of mortality from COVID-19 and the three climatic parameters (temperature, hours of sunshine and UV index) in 39 countries on the planet. On the other hand, the weakness of the study could be the lack of more epidemiological and demographic data on the people who died in each country and were included in our study. Finally, according to our study, it seems that climatic factors could be intimately linked to the geographic latitude point of each country, and the data demonstrate that the position of a country at a given geographic latitude could be a key point in the distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the world. The geographic point of latitude would also be an important factor in the response of each population to the pandemic because this fact implies different dietary habits and epidemiological profiles that are also different from one population to another according to their geographic latitude location.

Fig. (3). Geographic latitudes are plotted against the average annual mean of temperature (A), hours of sunshine (B) and UV index (C) in the 39 countries of the study.

Fig. (4). Negative correlations between the COVID-19 death numbers and several climate parameters: average annual temperature (A), average annual sunshine hours (B) and the annual average of the daily UV index (C).

CONCLUSION

The data of the present study support the hypothesis that warmer ambient temperatures, longer hours of sunshine, and higher levels of UV index are favorable climate conditions for better protection against the coronavirus. As a virucidal factor, solar UV light might have a key role in this process. These results should encourage more preclinical and clinical studies on the possible role of UV light as an antiviral factor. Thus, it might unravel a possible therapeutic role of UV light, similar to other clinical use of UV light for other therapeutic purposes.

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

Not applicable.

HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS

No animals and humans were used for studies that are the basis of this research.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

STANDARDS OF REPORTING

STROBE guidelines were followed in the study.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS

The data that support the findings of this study are available within the article.

FUNDING

No funding was obtained for the present research.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Declared none.

REFERENCES

[1] Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 514-23.
[2] Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020; 579(7798): 265-9.
[3] Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici A, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARSCoV- 2 spike glycoprotein. Cell 2020; 8674(20): 30262-2.
[4] Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: A model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20(6): 669-77.
[5] Cui S, Chen S, Li X, Liu S, Wang F. Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18(6): 1421-4.
[6] Dhar D, Mohanty A. Gut microbiota and COVID-19 possible link and implications. Virus Res 2020; 285: 198018.
[7] Zuo T, Zhang F, Lui GCY, et al. Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization. Gastroenterology 2020; 159(3): 944-55.
[8] Ricardo J. COVID-19 cytokine storm: The interplay between inflammation and coagulation. Lancet Respir Med 2020; (20): 30216-2.
[9] Tobaiqy M, Qashqary M, Al-Dahery S, et al. Therapeutic management of patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Infect Prev Pract 2020; 2(3): 100061.
[10] Errasfa M. Blood hemostasis dysfunction and inflammation in COVID-19 patients: Viral and host active molecules as therapeutic targets. Open Toxicol J 2021; 7(1): 1-7.
[11] Tsai YL, Lin TL, Chang CJ, et al. Probiotics, prebiotics and amelioration of diseases. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26(1): 3.
[12] Errasfa M. Magnesium therapeutic potential against COVID-19: Could it be an “All-in-one” therapy? Magnes Res 2021; 34(1): 32-4.
[13] Mourad E. Milk oligosaccharides and lectins as candidates for clinical trials against COVID-19. Curr Nutr Food Sci 2021; 17(3): 246-8.
[14] Hu C, Xiao L, Zhu H, Zhu H, Liu L. Correlation between local air temperature and the COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei, China. Front Public Health 2021; 8: 604870.
[15] Zhu G, Zhu Y, Wang Z, et al. The association between ambient temperature and mortality of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: A time-series analysis. BMC Public Health 2021; 21(1): 117.
[16] Meo SA, Abukhalaf AA, Alomar AA, et al. Climate and COVID-19 pandemic: Effect of heat and humidity on the incidence and mortality in world’s top ten hottest and top ten coldest countries. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24(15): 8232-8.
[17] Chen S, Prettner K, Cao B, et al. Revisiting the association between temperature and COVID-19 transmissibility across 117 countries. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6(4): 00550-2020.
[18] Chen S, Prettner K, Kuhn M, et al. Climate and the spread of COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021; 11(1): 9042.
[19] Fontal A, Bouma MJ, San-José A, López L, Pascual M, Rodó X. Climatic signatures in the different COVID-19 pandemic waves across both hemispheres. Nature Computational Science 2021; 1(10): 655-65.
[20] Nicastro F, Sironi G, Antonello E, et al. Forcing seasonality of influenza-like epidemics with daily solar resonance. iScience 2020; 23(10): 101605.
[21] Carleton T, Cornetet J, Huybers P, Meng KC, Proctor J. Global evidence for ultraviolet radiation decreasing COVID-19 growth rates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2021; 118(1): e2012370118.
[22] Biasin M, Bianco A, Pareschi G, et al. UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 replication. Sci Rep 2021; 11(1): 6260.
[23] Cherrie M, Clemens T, Colandrea C, et al. Ultraviolet A radiation and COVID‐19 deaths in the USA with replication studies in England and Italy. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185(2): 363-70.
[24] Ma Y, Pei S, Shaman J, Dubrow R, Chen K. Role of meteorological factors in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Nat Commun 2021; 12(1): 3602.
[25] De Angelis E, Renzetti S, Volta M, et al. COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Lombardy, Italy: An ecological study on the role of air pollution, meteorological factors, demographic and socioeconomic variables. Environ Res 2021; 195: 110777.
[26] Isaia G, Diémoz H, Maluta F, et al. Does solar ultraviolet radiation play a role in COVID-19 infection and deaths? An environmental ecological study in Italy. Sci Total Environ 2021; 757: 143757.
[27] Tang L, Liu M, Ren B, et al. Sunlight ultraviolet radiation dose is negatively correlated with the percent positive of SARS-CoV-2 and four other common human coronaviruses in the U.S. Sci Total Environ 2021; 751: 141816.
[28] Nakano T, Chiang KC, Chen CC, et al. Sunlight exposure and phototherapy: Perspectives for healthy aging in an era of COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18(20): 10950.
[29] Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus
[30] COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
[31] Esotc. Climate Spotlight On, Sunshine duration 2018. Available from: https://climate.copernicus.eu/sunshine-duration
[32] UV Index worldwide. Available from: https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/opt/uv/index/worldwide/worldwide.html
[33] Ultraviolet radiation: global solar UV index. Available from: https://allcountries.org/health/ultraviolet_radiation_global_solar_uv_index.html
[34] Current Climate, Climatology. Available from: https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/guinea/climate-data-historical
[35] Cuschieri S. The STROBE guidelines. Saudi J Anaesth 2019; 13(5): 31.
[36] Livadiotis G. Statistical analysis of the impact of environmental temperature on the exponential growth rate of cases infected by COVID-19. PLoS One 2020; 15(5): e0233875.
[37] Arumugam M, Menon B, Narayan SK. Ambient temperature and COVID-19 incidence rates: An opportunity for intervention? Western Pac Surveill Response J 2020; 17
[38] Caspi G, Shalit U, Kristensen SL, et al. 2020.Climate effect on COVID-19 spread rate: An online surveillance tool. medRxiv
[39] Chiyomaru K, Takemoto K. 2020.Global COVID-19 transmission rate is influenced by precipitation seasonality and the speed of climate temperature warming. medRxiv
[40] Notari A. 2020.Temperature dependence of COVID-19 transmission. medRxiv
[41] Sajadi MM, Habibzadeh P, Vintzileos A, et al. Temperature and latitude analysis to predict potential spread and seasonality for COVID-19. SSRN 2020.
[42] Wu Y, Jing W, Liu J, et al. Effects of temperature and humidity on the daily new cases and new deaths of COVID-19 in 166 countries. Sci Total Environ 2020; 729: 139051.
[43] Gupta D, Gupta A. Effect of ambient temperature on COVID 19 infection rate: Evidence from California. SSRN 2020.
[44] Ferretti L, Wymant C, Kendall M, et al. Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing. Science 2020; 368(6491): eabb6936.
[45] Davies NG, Klepac P, Liu Y, et al. Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics. Nat Med 2020; 26(8): 1205-11.